History at JCU

Documentation in History
When writing history, it is essential to acknowledge all information and ideas found in other peoples' work. Failure to do so constitutes plagiarism - cheating - which is probably the biggest crime in the academic calendar. If you are unclear about what constitutes plagiarism, you should access the "How to avoid plagiarism" site through the subject homepage. The notes below describe the format of the documentation required in this subject.

FOOTNOTES

Footnotes are numbered consecutively through the essay (that is, they do not start again on each page). They are placed at the bottom of the page they refer to, their numbers corresponding to superior numbers written after the idea, information or quotation to be documented. Endnotes will be accepted.
 

Books
The first time a book is mentioned, the footnote must include the name(s) of the author(s), the full title of the book (underlined or italicized), the city in which the book was published, the year of publication and the page or pages referred to. For example:
John Smith, The History of Joan, Sydney, 1999, p.66.

Subsequent references to the same work should include the surname(s) of the author(s), the short title of the book (underlined or italicized) and the page reference.  For example:
Smith, The History of Joan, pp.24-25.

If the reference is to an article, document or chapter in a collected work, the first reference must include the name of the author, the title of the article (in inverted commas), the name(s) of the editor(s), the full title of the book (underlined or italicized), the city of publication, the date of publication and the page reference. For example:
Mary Joans, "My thoughts on this issue", in John Brown and Anne James (eds.), A Very Big Book, Melbourne, 1998, p.196.

Subsequent references to the same article require only the author's name, the title of the article (in inverted commas) and the page reference. For example:
Joans, "My thoughts on this issue", p.190.

Journal Articles
The first reference to a journal article should give the author's name, the name of the article (in inverted commas), the name of the journal (underlined or italicized), its volume, number and date, and the page reference. For example:
Annabelle Moss, "A Long Story", in Historical Studies, Vol.23, No.2, 1997, pp.21-22.

Subsequent references should give the surname of the author, the title of the article (in inverted commas) and the page reference. For example:
Moss, "A Long Story", p.23.
 

Official Publications and Oral Sources
See below for examples (footnotes 9, 11, 22 - 26).
 

Latin Terms
The only Latin term in common use in Australia is Ibidem - meaning "the same". The word is normally abbreviated to Ibid. and always underlined or italicized. It should be used immediately after a reference to indicate the same work and the same page; it should also be used with a new page number to indicate the same work but a different page.
 

Primary sources found in Collections
Give both the document's title and the place where you found it. For examples see footnotes 10 & 12 below.
 

Primary sources found in secondary sources
Again, provide both the document and the source. See footnote 14 below.
 

Electronic Sources
Provide the author's name, the author’s internet address, if available, the title of the work or title line of the message, the title of the complete work (or list or site), the internet address and the date, if appropriate. See footnotes 4 & 6 below. Please be very discriminating about which web sites you use. It is not appropriate for a university student to base her research on what may well turn out to be a primary school essay. See link to further web sites on your subject homepage for ideas about what constitutes an appropriate site.
 

Sample Footnotes

1. Patricia Clarke, Pen Portraits: Women Writers and Journalists in Nineteenth Century Australia, Sydney, 1983, p.6.

2. Miriam Dixson, The Real Matilda: Women and Identity in Australia, 1788 to the Present, Ringwood, 2nd ed. 1984, p.143.

3. Ibid.

4. Gretchen Walsh, "REPLY: Using African newspapers in teaching", in H-AFRICA, <h-africa@msu.edu>, 18 October 1995.

5. Pam Young, `The Hatpin - A Weapon: Women and the 1912 Brisbane General Strike', Hecate, 14,2, 1988, p.8.

6. Peter Limb, "Relationships between Labour & African Nationalist/Liberation Movements in Southern Africa",
<http://neal.ctstateu.edu/history/world_history/archives/limb-l.html>, May 1992.

7. Clarke, Pen Portraits, p.103.

8. Ibid., p.144.

9. Australia, Senate, Journals 1970-71, no.123, p.718.

10. Vida Goldstein, `Message to the Women of Australia', in Woman Voter, 21 July 1914, cited in Kay Daniels and Mary Murnane (eds.), Australia's Women: A Documentary History, St Lucia, 1980, p.288.

11. Commonwealth Law Reports (1970) 120 C.L.R. 365.

12. Elizabeth Macarthur, `Letters' (1806), in Dale Spender (ed.), The Penguin Anthology of Australian Women's Writing, Ringwood, 1988, p.12.

13. Amalgamated Society of Engineers v. Adelaide Steamship Co. Ltd.

14. Letter from the Duke of Portland to the Governor, 15 May 1799. Cited in John Smith, Australia’s Early Years, Melbourne, 1996.

15. Marian Aveling, `Death and the Family in Nineteenth Century Western Australia', in Patricia Grimshaw, Chris McConville and Ellen McEwen (eds), Families in Colonial Australia, Sydney, 1985, pp.32-34.

16. Ada Cambridge, `A Girl's Ideal' (1881), in Spender (ed.), The Penguin Anthology, p.156.

17. Aveling, `Death and the Family', p.33.

18. Queensland, Parliament, Debates 1918-19, vol.137, p.4165.

19. Ibid., p.4180.

20. Townsville Daily Bulletin, 6 April 1928.

21. Frank K. Crowley, Working Class Conditions in Australia 1788-1951. Ph.D. thesis, University of Melbourne, 1949, p.329.

22. Mary Smith, taped interview with Anne Smith, Brisbane, 20 April 1990.

23. Joan Wilson, informal communication with Joe Blow, Bondi, 8 September 1990.

24. North Queensland Oral History Project (NQOHP), ID15, 1A2.

25 Mary Smith.

26. NQOHP, ID17, 2B1.
 
 

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Bibliographies should include every work you have consulted in the course of writing the paper. They should be set out in alphabetical order (by authors’ family names). Please note that the names of publishing firms are included in bibliographies (though not in footnotes).
 

Sample Bibliography

Australia. Senate, Journals 1970-71, no.123.

Clarke, Manning (ed.), Select Documents in Australian History 1788-1850, Angus and Robertson, Sydney, 1950.

Daniels, Kay and Murnane, Mary (eds.), Women in Australia: an annotated guide to the records, AGPS, Canberra, 1977.

Dixson, Miriam, The Real Matilda: Women and Identity in Australia 1788 to the Present, 2nd ed., Penguin, Ringwood, 1984.

Crowley, F.K., Working Class Conditions in Australia 1788-1951. Ph.D. thesis, University of Melbourne, 1949.

Grimshaw, Patricia, McConville, Chris and McEwen, Ellen (eds), Families in Colonial Australia, George Allen and Unwin, Sydney, 1985.

Limb, Peter, "Alliance Strengthened or Diminished: Relationships between Labour & African Nationalist/Liberation Movements in Southern Africa", <http://neal.ctstateu.edu/history/world_history/archives/limb-I.html>, May 1992.

Lobban, Richard <Rlobban@grog.ric.edu>, "REPLY: African Muslim Slaves in America", in H-AFRICA <h.asfrica@msu.edu>, 4 August 1995. Archived at: <http://h-net.msu.edu/~africa/archives/august95>.

North Queensland Oral History Project, ID12, ID68, ID198.

Spender, Dale (ed.), The Penguin Anthology of Australian Women's Writing, Penguin, Ringwood, 1988.

Sydney Morning Herald, 1957-59.

Teale, Ruth (ed.), Colonial Eve: Sources on Women in Australia 1788-1914, OUP, Melbourne, 1978.

Webby, Elizabeth (ed.), Sources in the History of Australian Education, Heinemann, Sydney, 1975.

Wilson, Joan, informal communication, 8 September 1990.

Young, Pam, `The Hatpin - A Weapon and the 1912 Brisbane General Strike', Hecate, vol.14, no.2, 1988, pp.6-20.

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